60-Second Civics: Episode 1126, The Framers, Part 50: Jared Ingersoll Jared Ingersoll had a diverse political and legal career, and once ran for vice president.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1125, The Framers, Part 49: Thomas Fitzsimons Thomas Fitzsimons was born in Ireland, fought in the Revolutionary War, and later became leading statesman, representing Pennsylvania as a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1124, The Framers, Part 48: George Clymer A businessman, patriot, and politician, George Clymer served as a delegate from Pennsylvania at the Philadelphia Convention.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1123, The Framers, Part 47: Robert Morris He voted against independence, but remained a stalwart supporter of the new nation. Learn more about Robert Morris on today's podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1122, The Framers, Part 46: Thomas Mifflin Expelled from the Quaker church for serving in the military, Thomas Mifflin nevertheless had a successful career in politics.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1121, The Framers, Part 45: Benjamin Franklin Inventor, scientist, diplomat, publisher--and that was just the beginning. Benjamin Franklin was justifiably one of the most famous Americans to attend the Philadelphia Convention.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1120, The Framers, Part 44: Alexander Martin Alexander Martin was aquitted of the charge of cowardice after the Battle of Germantown, but it didn't hurt his political career.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1119, The Framers, Part 43: William R. Davie William R. Davie founded the University of North Carolina and was a Framer of the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1118, The Framers, Part 42: Hugh Williamson Hugh Williamson was a very active delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from North Carolina.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1117, The Framers, Part 41: Richard Dobbs Spaight Sr. Richard Dobbs Spaight was only 29 when he attended the Philadelphia Convention and looked forward to a successful political career. His life was cut short, however, when he was killed in a duel at the age of 44.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1116, The Framers, Part 40: William Blount William Blount, a Framer of the Constitution from North Carolina, went on to become a senator from Tennessee and was expelled for planning an invasion of Spanish territory.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1115, The Framers, Part 39: Robert Yates Robert Yates, a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from New York, believed that the convention had exceeded its authority. He left the convention early.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1114, The Framers, Part 38: John Lansing Jr. John Lansing Jr. opposed the proposed Constitution because he believed the Articles Confederation should simply have been amended. He worked against ratification in New York.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1113, The Framers, Part 37: Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton was one of the most brilliant men to attend the Philadelphia Convention, but he played a relatively small role there.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1112, The Framers, Part 36: William Paterson William Paterson was born in Ireland. His parents emigrated to America and he became an influential Framer of the Constitution and Supreme Court justice.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1111, The Framers, Part 35: William Livingston William Livingston was a Framer from New Jersey. He served in the Continental Congress and as governor of the state.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1110, The Framers, Part 34: William C. Houston Happy Independence Day! Today we learn about William C. Houston, a Framer of the Constitution from New Jersey.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1109, The Framers, Part 33: Jonathan Dayton Jonathan Dayton joined the army after college and was plunged directly into the Revolutionary War. He was later the youngest signer of the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1108, The Framers, Part 32: David Brearly David Brearly was an avid patriot and a Framer of the Constitution from New Jersey.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1107, The Framers, Part 31: John Langdon One of the two delegates to the Constitutional Convention from New Hampshire, John Langdon had little education, but made his mark in Revolution-era America.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1106, The Framers, Part 30: Nicholas Gilman Nicholas Gilman was a Framer of the Constitution from New Hampshire. He worked to ensure ratification of the document in New Hampshire.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1105, The Framers, Part 29: Caleb Strong He served as a senator and governor of Massachusetts and was an ardent supporter of the Constitution. Learn about Caleb Strong on today's podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1104, The Framers, Part 28: Rufus King One of the youngest delegates to the Philadelphia Convention, Rufus King spoke eloquently and argued for a stronger national government.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1103, The Framers, Part 27: Nathaniel Gorham Today's Framer is Nathaniel Gorham of Massachusetts, who played an important role in the Philadelphia Convention as a delegate from Massachusetts.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1102, The Framers, Part 26: Elbridge Gerry Today we learn about Elbridge Gerry, the Framer of the Constitution who gave the English language the term "gerrymander."
60-Second Civics: Episode 1101, The Framers, Part 25: John Francis Mercer John Francis Mercer studied law under Thomas Jefferson. He opposed a strong central government and opposed ratification of the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1100, The Framers, Part 24: James McHenry James McHenry was born in Ireland in 1753. He acceded to positions of authority in Maryland and in the national government.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1099, The Framers, Part 23: Luther Martin Luther Martin did not sign the Constitution because he could not gain enough support for ideas he thought were important. Nevertheless favored a bill of rights, which was eventually adopted.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1098, The Framers, Part 22: Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer was a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Maryland. He supported the positions of James Madison and favored a strong national government.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1097, The Framers, Part 21: Daniel Carroll One of the two Catholic signers of the Constitution, Daniel Carroll campaigned for ratification in Maryland.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1096, The Framers, Part 19: William Pierce William Pierce served in the Revolutionary War and helped frame the Constitution, but is best known for his descriptions of other delegates.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1095, The Framers, Part 19: Willam Houston This Framer of the Constitution was criticized as having little or no legal or political knowledge.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1094, The Framers, Part 18: William Few The British forced his family to flee to Georgia, but William Few became one of the state's first senators.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1093, The Framers, Part 17: Abraham Baldwin Abraham Baldwin was a founder of the University of Georgia and a Framer of the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1092, The Framers, Part 16: George Read George Read supported "dignified" protests against the British, but did not sign the Declaration. He argued for ratification of the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1091, The Framers, Part 15: John Dickinson John Dickinson had a large role in Revolution-era America. He had strongly opposed British taxation and helped write the Articles of Confederation and Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1088, The Framers, Part 12: Richard Bassett Richard Bassett was a man of accomplishment, like so many of his contemporaries at the Philadelphia Convention.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1087, The Framers, Part 11: Roger Sherman Roger Sherman had a successful career by any standard. He served in the House and Senate and helped draft the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, and Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1086, The Framers, Part 9: William Samuel Johnson William Samuel Johnson tried to be a peacemaker during the Revolution. Failing at that, he helped write the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1085, The Framers, Part 9: Oliver Ellsworth Oliver Ellsworth contributed a lot to our country. He was one of the authors of the Great Compromise and is responsible for the Judiciary Act of 1789.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1084, The Framers, Part 8: George Wythe George Wythe didn't sign the Constitution, but he worked to get it ratified. He lived to age 80, but was probably poisoned by a relative.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1083, The Framers, Part 7: James McClurg James McClurg was an accomplished Virginia doctor; at the Philadelphia Convention, he argued for a life term of office for the president
60-Second Civics: Episode 1082, The Framers, Part 6: John Blair This Framer of the Constitution helped draft the Virginia constitution, then the nation's.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1081, The Framers, Part 5: Edmund Randolph This Framer refused to sign the Constitution, but then supported its ratification.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1080, The Framers, Part 4: George Mason He insisted on a Bill of Rights and refused to sign the Constitution, but he's one of the most important figures in American constitutionalism. Who was this Framer?
60-Second Civics: Episode 1078, The Framers, Part 2: George Washington How much to you know about George Washington? Brush up on your knowledge with this podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1077, The Framers, Part 1: Introduction Today we kick off our 56-day series of biographies of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1076, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 10: Madison's Bill of Rights Today we conclude our series on the organization of the U.S. government with a discussion of the Bill of Rights.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1075, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 9: The promise to draft a bill of rights Federalists had to promise to create a bill of rights in order to get the Constitution approved. They were keen on following through.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1074, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 8: The importance of the Supreme Court The Supreme Court wasn't always as influential as it is now. In fact, one justice didn't even show up.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1072, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 7: Article III How did Article III of the Constitution and Congress establish our judicial branch? Find out on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1071, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 6: The expanding executive branch When Jefferson was president, about 2,000 people worked for the executive branch; today, that number is about 3 million.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1070, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 5: The first cabinet Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Henry Knox: These were the first three secretaries of the first executive departments.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1069, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 4: The first executive departments What were the first three executive departments? Find out on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1068, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 3: His Highness, the President Congress once debated addressing the chief executive as "His Highness, the President." Find out why they changed their minds on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1067, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 2: Finding a source of income In 1789 the U.S government faced a serious problem: it did not have any income.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1066, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 1: The important tasks of the first Congress. Want to learn how the U.S. government was organized? Then tune in to this series of podcasts.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1065, James Madison, Part 26: The legacy of James Madison We conclude this series on James Madison and the Constitution with an examination of the lessons of the Philadelphia Convention.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1064, James Madison, Part 25: Slavery as a threat to the Union James Madison thought that slavery was a threat to the Union. He was right.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1063, James Madison, Part 24: Madison's fears about slavery Slavery wasn't good for anybody. But Madison hoped that banning importation of slaves after 1808 would diminish the slave trade.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1062, James Madison, Part 23: Madison and slavery James Madison didn't always live up to his ideals. Take slavery, for example.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1061, James Madison, Part 22: Growing sectionalism James Madison to America: Overcome your partisan animosities and emulate the Framers' spirit of compromise.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1060, James Madison, Part 20: Critics accuse Madison of hypocrisy Elections are a legitimate way of avoiding bad governance, said James Madison, and so he eventually came around to supporting political parties.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1059, James Madison, Part 20: Madison changes his mind about factions Was James Madison a flip-flopper? Well, he changed his mind about the value of political parties.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1057, James Madison, Part 18: Father of the Bill of Rights James Madison was truly the father of the Bill of Rights. He worked almost single-handedly to draft and gain support for the document in the summer of 1789.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1056, James Madison, Part 17: Laws for the human mind James Madison fought for religious liberties in Virginia, calling laws mandating state religion "laws for the human mind."
60-Second Civics: Episode 1055, James Madison, Part 16: Madison as an advocate of religious freedom Virginia once had an official religion; James Madison thought disagreed that this was a good idea.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1054, James Madison, Part 15: Ambition must be made to counteract ambition "Ambition must be made to counteract ambition," wrote James Madison. The Constitution provides the checks and balances to accomplish this.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1053, James Madison, Part 14: Federalist 51 James Madison said that if men were angels, then no government would be needed. But men are not angels, are they?
60-Second Civics: Episode 1052, James Madison, Part 12: Federalist 10 Federalist 10 is considered to be a masterpiece of political thought; find out more on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1051, James Madison, Part 12: The Federalist The Federalist argued in favor of the proposed Constitution, and James Madison wrote many of its essays.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1050, James Madison, Part 11: The most active delegate James Madison was extremely active at the Philadelphia Convention, giving more than 160 speeches and serving as the convention's unofficial secretary.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1049, James Madison, Part 10: The Supremacy Clause and checks and balances. James Madison didn't get everything he wanted during the Philadelphia Convention, but the Supremacy Clause was a big accomplishment.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1048, James Madison, Part 9: James Madison thought that the equal representation in the Senate agreed to in the Great Compromise was a betrayal of republican principles.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1047, James Madison, Part 8: The Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan focused the delegates to the Constitutional Convention on replacing the Articles of Confederation, not merely revising it.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1046, James Madison, Part 7: Father of the Constitution He didn't like being called Father of the Constitution, but James Madison earned the nickname.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1045, James Madison, Part 6: Madison's political career James Madison accomplished a lot during his lifetime. Writing the Bill of Rights was just a beginning.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1044, James Madison, Part 5: The influential Framer James Madison helped lead the effort to win ratification of the Constitution and drafted the Bill of Rights.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1043, James Madison, Part 4: The influential James Madison How did a small man with a weak voice become so influential at the Philadelphia Convention?
60-Second Civics: Episode 1042, James Madison, Part 3: The youngest delegate James Madison was the youngest delegate to the Continental Congress. His service in the Virginia state assembly had formed his beliefs about the role of government.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1041, James Madison, Part 2: Who was James Madison? James Madison wasn't too sure about what he wanted to do after college. Learn more on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1040, James Madison, Part 1: Introduction James Madison has been described as the Father of the Constitution. Today we begin our series on Madison, our nation's fourth president.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1038, George Mason, Part 34: Virginia accepts the Constitution On today's podcast, Virginia accepts the the proposed Constitution and George Mason returns to Gunston Hall to spend his final days.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1037, George Mason, Part 33: Mason at the Virginia Ratification Convention George Mason had lots of problems with the Constitution. Learn all about it on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1036, George Mason, Part 32: A tactical error George Mason's tactical error at the Virginia Ratification Convention scuttled his attempt to vote down the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1035, George Mason, Part 31: The greatest blunder of the Philadelphia Convention What was the greatest blunder of the Philadelphia Convention? Find out what some historians think about it on today's podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1034, George Mason, Part 30: "There is no Declaration of Rights" "There is no Declaration of Rights," declared George Mason. And he refused to sign the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1033, George Mason, Part 29: Mason objects to the Constitution George Mason objected that the Constitution contained no Bill of Rights. So he wrote about it.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1032, George Mason, Part 28: George Mason refuses to sign the Constitution Today we learn why George Mason refused to sign the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1031, George Mason, Part 27: Antislavery public opinion and George Mason America's ideals of liberty couldn't justify the institution of slavery: Founders like George Mason knew it.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1030, George Mason, Part 26: Growing opposition to slavery Should we expect the Founders to have transcended the limitations of their own age in their actions against and attitudes toward slavery?
60-Second Civics: Episode 1029, George Mason, Part 25: Slavery and the Revolutionaries Historian Bernard Bailyn argued that abolitionism didn't truly exist in the era of the American Revolution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1028, George Mason, Part 24: The New York Manumission Society Vigorous and vocal opposition to slavery emerged from the New York Manumission Society, founded by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and others.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1027, George Mason, Part 23: Northerners opposed to slavery Free blacks were kidnapped from New York streets and sold into slavery. Some colonists were outraged.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1026, George Mason, Part 22: Slavery in the North Slavery wasn't just a Southern problem. It was a big problem for the North, too.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1025, George Mason, Part 21: That slow poison Unlike George Washington, George Mason never freed his slaves. He condemned slavery, but was unable to fully realize his own principles.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1024, George Mason, Part 20: That infernal traffic George Mason called slavery "that infernal traffic" and thought it posed a danger to the morals of the people who held slaves.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1023, George Mason, Part 19: Slavery and the potential of American decline George Mason was strongly opposed to slavery and expressed his opposition throughout his life.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1021, George Mason, Part 17: Washington and Jefferson on slavery Washington and Jefferson were opposed to slavery, but both were slaveholders. We examine their positions on slavery in this episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1020, George Mason, Part 16: George Mason and slavery George Mason was a slaveholder, but he came to believe that slavery was wrong.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1019, George Mason, Part 15: Frequent recurrence to fundamental principles Today we discuss the paragraph of the Virginia Declaration of Rights that has arguably been the most influential.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1018, George Mason, Part 14: Universal rights in the Virginia Declaration of Rights The Virginia Declaration of Rights expresses particular concern about the rights of those accused of criminal offenses.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1017, George Mason, Part 13: Government is for the common benefit of the people There were bold assertions in the Virginia Declaration of Rights: learn more on today's podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1016, George Mason, Part 12: Principles in the Virginia Declaration of Rights Government officials serve the people, not the other way around--George Mason thought this important enough to commit to the Virginia Declaration of Rights.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1015, George Mason, Part 11: Equally free and independent Today: the influences on the Virginia Declaration of Rights and its opening paragraph.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1014, George Mason, Part 10: Influence of the Virginia Declaration of Rights The Virginia Declaration of Rights had a strong influence at home and abroad. Learn all about it on today's podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1013, George Mason, Part 9: The Virginia Declaration of Rights It's the most influential constitutional document you've never heard of: the Virginia Declaration of Rights.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1009, George Mason, Part 5: The young planter George Mason owned slaves, but hated slavery. Learn more about Mason's life as a Southern planter on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1008, George Mason, Part 4: Childhood and youth On today's episode: George Mason triumphs over tragedy, reads widely, and becomes a lawyer.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1007, George Mason, Part 3: The sharp-spoken planter George Mason was known as the "sharp-spoken planter." His personality may have inhibited his fame.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1006, George Mason, Part 2: The reluctant founder George Mason played an important role in ensuring that a bill of rights was added to the Constitution, yet he remains one of the country's least-known Founders.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1003, Ronald Reagan, Part 34: The collapse of the Soviet system How did the Soviet Union dissolve? Find out on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1001, Ronald Reagan, Part 32: Reagan and Gorbachev Today we learn about the rapport between Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1000, Ronald Reagan, Part 31: The evil empire and peace through strength President Reagan once called the Soviet Union an "evil empire." Learn more on today's podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 998, Ronald Reagan, Part 29: Limiting Soviet expansion Today we learn how President Reagan sought to limit Soviet expansion around the globe.
60-Second Civics: Episode 997, Ronald Reagan, Part 28: Informal presidential powers Why does the president have such a dominant role in foreign policy making? Find out on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 996, Ronald Reagan, Part 27: Chief diplomat What powers makes the president the nation's chief diplomat? Learn all about it on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 995, Ronald Reagan, Part 26: Controversy surrounding the PATCO strike Today we examine the effects of the firing of striking air-traffic controllers early in the Reagan administration.
60-Second Civics: Episode 994, Ronald Reagan, Part 26: The PATCO strike Learn about the strike of air-traffic controllers and how Ronald Reagan handled it on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 993, Ronald Reagan, Part 24: The presidency and domestic policy. The president's domestic responsibilities are made completely clear by the Constitution, right? Well, not exactly.
60-Second Civics: Episode 992, Ronald Reagan, Part 23: The legacy of the Grenada invasion Today we learn what the Grenada invasion on 1983 accomplished.
60-Second Civics: Episode 991, Ronald Reagan, Part 22: The Grenada invasion and the Constitution Ronald Reagan said that he was within his constitutional authority to invade Grenada without congressional approval. Learn more on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 990, Ronald Reagan, Part 21: Grenada and the War Powers Resolution Did President Reagan consult with Congress before invading Grenada? Find out on today's episode
60-Second Civics: Episode 988, Ronald Reagan, Part 19: Setting the stage for the invasion of Grenada Today we discuss why President Reagan decided to invade Grenada in 1983.
60-Second Civics: Episode 987, Ronald Reagan, Part 18: Ronald Reagan's First Inaugural Address Today we discuss Ronald Reagan's view on the role of government.
60-Second Civics: Episode 986, Ronald Reagan, Part 17: The presidency: imperial or imperiled? On today's podcast, we contrast the concepts of the imperial presidency and the imperiled presidency.
60-Second Civics: Episode 985, Ronald Reagan, Part 16: The expansion and contraction of presidential powers Presidential power waxes and wanes, today we discuss presidential power in the 1960s and 1970s.
60-Second Civics: Episode 984, Ronald Reagan, Part 15: Controversy over the War Powers Resolution Today we learn why some presidents claim that the War Powers Resolution is unconstitutional.
60-Second Civics: Episode 981, Ronald Reagan, Part 12: Federalist 69 Today we examine Alexander Hamilton's comparison of the powers of the king of England and the president of the United States.
60-Second Civics: Episode 980, Ronald Reagan, Part 11: Constitutional checks on the president's warmaking powers On today's podcast, we discuss the Constitution's checks on the president's power to wage war.
60-Second Civics: Episode 979, Ronald Reagan, Part 10: The Constitution as the source and limit of presidential authority Today we discuss the Constitution as the source and limit of presidential authority.
60-Second Civics: Episode 978, Ronald Reagan, Part 9: The Constitution's minimal definition of the presidency Today we explore the Constitiution's minimal definition of the presidency.
60-Second Civics: Episode 976, Ronald Reagan, Part 7: Article II of the Constitution Today we discuss the reasons behind the design of the executive branch.
60-Second Civics: Episode 975, Ronald Reagan, Part 6: The Age of Reagan Today we learn why the 1980s are described by some historians as "The Age of Reagan."
60-Second Civics: Episode 970, Ronald Reagan, Part 1: Introduction Today we launch our Presidents' Day series, which this year explores the presidency of our fortieth president, Ronald Reagan.
60-Second Civics: Episode 969, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 12: The legacy of Birmingham Today we conclude our Black History Month podcast series with an episode on the legacy of the Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign.
60-Second Civics: Episode 968, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 11: Bombings in Birmingham In another episode of our Black History Month podcasts, we learn about the series of bombings that rocked Birmingham in 1963.
60-Second Civics: Episode 967, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 10: An agreement on desegregation We continue our Black History Month series with a discussion of the agreement to desegregate Birmingham.
60-Second Civics: Episode 966, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 9: Public outrage As our series on Black History Month continues, we learn how the police crackdown in Birmingham slowly led to a movement toward resolution of the conflict.
60-Second Civics: Episode 965, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 8: The brutal crackdown On today's podcast, we discuss the brutal crackdown by police on civil rights protestors in Birmingham.
60-Second Civics: Episode 963, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 6: The Good Friday march Today on the podcast: protests in Birmingham, the Good Friday March, and mass arrests.
60-Second Civics: Episode 962, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 5: The boycotts As we continue Black History Month series, we learn about the boycotts of the Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign of 1963.
60-Second Civics: Episode 961, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 4: The campaign begins Part of our Black History Month series, we explore the beginning of the Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign of 1963..
60-Second Civics: Episode 959, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 2: James Meredith and the desegregation of the University of Mississippi. We continue our Black History Month series with a look at the desegregation of Ole Miss in 1962.
60-Second Civics: Episode 958, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 1: Albany and the SCLC Today we launch our Black History month series with a discussion of the Albany campaign of 1962.
60-Second Civics: Episode 957, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 6: Making principled arguments about the Constitution On today's episode, we conclude our discussion of returning to fundamental principles by learning what citizenship is all about.
60-Second Civics: Episode 956, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 5: Frequent recurrence to fundamental principles. On today's episode, we discuss the importance of "frequent recurrence to fundamental principles."
60-Second Civics: Episode 955, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 4: The fall of the Soviet Union Today we learn how the Soviet Union eventually fell apart.
60-Second Civics: Episode 954, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 3: The Solidarity movement Today we learn about how communism collapsed in Poland.
60-Second Civics: Episode 953, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 2: Ideas rule the world On today's podcast, we discuss the proposition that ideas matter.
60-Second Civics: Episode 952, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 1: An adventure in ideas On today's podcast, we begin our brief series on fundamental principles and the American experiment in democracy.
60-Second Civics: Episode 951, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 26: Globalization, capital, and technology Today we explore the role of investment and capital in globalization and recognize the leading role of technology in globalization.
60-Second Civics: Episode 950, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 25: Outsourcing On today's podcast, we discuss worker mobility and outsourcing.
60-Second Civics: Episode 949, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 24: Increasing world trade Today we discuss how globalization has taken place over the years.
60-Second Civics: Episode 948, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 23: Globalization and an example from China This episode kicks off our weeklong exploration of globalization.
60-Second Civics: Episode 947, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 22: A less isolationist country On today's podcast, we learn how the United States became a less isolationist country.
60-Second Civics: Episode 946, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 21: Becoming informed about international issues Today we learn how to become informed about international affairs.
60-Second Civics: Episode 945, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 20: Contacting public officials On today's podcast, we discuss how citizens can influence party by voting and participating in nongovernmental organizations.
60-Second Civics: Episode 944, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 19: How to influence foreign policy On today's episode, we discuss the ways that Americans can influence foreign policy.
60-Second Civics: Episode 943, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 18: The United Nations and other international organizations Today we discuss the United Nations, NATO, and other international organizations
60-Second Civics: Episode 942, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 17: The United Nations Security Council On today's episode, we discuss the United Nations Security Council.
60-Second Civics: Episode 941, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 16: The United Nations Today we discuss the fundamental principles of the United Nations.
60-Second Civics: Episode 940, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 15: The League of Nations and the birth of the United Nations On today's episode, we discuss the formation of the League of Nations, its demise, and its successor.
60-Second Civics: Episode 939, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 14: Problems with international law On today's podcast, we discuss some of the challenges of international law.
60-Second Civics: Episode 938, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 13: The four ideals of international law Today we explain the four ideals of international law.
60-Second Civics: Episode 937, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 12: International law On today's episode, we discuss the basic principles of international law.
60-Second Civics: Episode 936, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 11: The Supreme Court and international relations Today we learn how the Supreme Court affects international diplomacy.
60-Second Civics: Episode 935, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 10: Presidential power over diplomatic relations On today's podcast, we discuss presidential authority over diplomatic relations.
60-Second Civics: Episode 934, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 9: Treaties Today we discuss the power of the president and Congress over treaties.
60-Second Civics: Episode 933, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 8: Presidential power to deal with other nations. Today we discuss the powers of the president to conduct relations with foreign nations.
60-Second Civics: Episode 932, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 7: Congress and piracy On today's episode, we examine the power of Congress over piracy.
60-Second Civics: Episode 931, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 6: Congressional war powers On today's episode, we examine the power of Congress over the military.
60-Second Civics: Episode 930, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 5: Congressional power to regulate commerce. Today we examine the power of Congress to regulate commerce.
60-Second Civics: Episode 929, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 4: Power of Congress to deal with other nations In this episode, we describe the powers of Congress to engage in international relations.
60-Second Civics: Episode 928, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 3: Isolationism is not an option We begin this episode with a look at early attitudes about isolationism and discuss whether it is still a relevant option.
60-Second Civics: Episode 927, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 2: France and the United States An early episode of the history of the United States demonstrates the inescapble nature of international affairs.
60-Second Civics: Episode 926, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 1: Thucydides and Machiavelli Today we examine thought behind the idea that nations must be involved in world affairs.
60-Second Civics: Episode 924, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 19: A model for civil discourse On today's episode, we discuss the Framers' rules for debate during the Constitutional Convention
60-Second Civics: Episode 923, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 8: Civil discourse On today's podcast, we examine why civil discourse is important.
60-Second Civics: Episode 922, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 7: Are we too dependent on government? On today's episode, we examine the debate over whether Americans are too dependent on government.
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