60-Second Civics: Episode 1126, The Framers, Part 50: Jared Ingersoll Jared Ingersoll had a diverse political and legal career, and once ran for vice president.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1125, The Framers, Part 49: Thomas Fitzsimons Thomas Fitzsimons was born in Ireland, fought in the Revolutionary War, and later became leading statesman, representing Pennsylvania as a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1124, The Framers, Part 48: George Clymer A businessman, patriot, and politician, George Clymer served as a delegate from Pennsylvania at the Philadelphia Convention.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1123, The Framers, Part 47: Robert Morris He voted against independence, but remained a stalwart supporter of the new nation. Learn more about Robert Morris on today's podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1122, The Framers, Part 46: Thomas Mifflin Expelled from the Quaker church for serving in the military, Thomas Mifflin nevertheless had a successful career in politics.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1121, The Framers, Part 45: Benjamin Franklin Inventor, scientist, diplomat, publisher--and that was just the beginning. Benjamin Franklin was justifiably one of the most famous Americans to attend the Philadelphia Convention.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1120, The Framers, Part 44: Alexander Martin Alexander Martin was aquitted of the charge of cowardice after the Battle of Germantown, but it didn't hurt his political career.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1119, The Framers, Part 43: William R. Davie William R. Davie founded the University of North Carolina and was a Framer of the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1118, The Framers, Part 42: Hugh Williamson Hugh Williamson was a very active delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from North Carolina.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1117, The Framers, Part 41: Richard Dobbs Spaight Sr. Richard Dobbs Spaight was only 29 when he attended the Philadelphia Convention and looked forward to a successful political career. His life was cut short, however, when he was killed in a duel at the age of 44.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1116, The Framers, Part 40: William Blount William Blount, a Framer of the Constitution from North Carolina, went on to become a senator from Tennessee and was expelled for planning an invasion of Spanish territory.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1115, The Framers, Part 39: Robert Yates Robert Yates, a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from New York, believed that the convention had exceeded its authority. He left the convention early.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1114, The Framers, Part 38: John Lansing Jr. John Lansing Jr. opposed the proposed Constitution because he believed the Articles Confederation should simply have been amended. He worked against ratification in New York.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1113, The Framers, Part 37: Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton was one of the most brilliant men to attend the Philadelphia Convention, but he played a relatively small role there.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1112, The Framers, Part 36: William Paterson William Paterson was born in Ireland. His parents emigrated to America and he became an influential Framer of the Constitution and Supreme Court justice.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1111, The Framers, Part 35: William Livingston William Livingston was a Framer from New Jersey. He served in the Continental Congress and as governor of the state.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1110, The Framers, Part 34: William C. Houston Happy Independence Day! Today we learn about William C. Houston, a Framer of the Constitution from New Jersey.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1109, The Framers, Part 33: Jonathan Dayton Jonathan Dayton joined the army after college and was plunged directly into the Revolutionary War. He was later the youngest signer of the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1108, The Framers, Part 32: David Brearly David Brearly was an avid patriot and a Framer of the Constitution from New Jersey.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1107, The Framers, Part 31: John Langdon One of the two delegates to the Constitutional Convention from New Hampshire, John Langdon had little education, but made his mark in Revolution-era America.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1106, The Framers, Part 30: Nicholas Gilman Nicholas Gilman was a Framer of the Constitution from New Hampshire. He worked to ensure ratification of the document in New Hampshire.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1105, The Framers, Part 29: Caleb Strong He served as a senator and governor of Massachusetts and was an ardent supporter of the Constitution. Learn about Caleb Strong on today's podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1104, The Framers, Part 28: Rufus King One of the youngest delegates to the Philadelphia Convention, Rufus King spoke eloquently and argued for a stronger national government.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1103, The Framers, Part 27: Nathaniel Gorham Today's Framer is Nathaniel Gorham of Massachusetts, who played an important role in the Philadelphia Convention as a delegate from Massachusetts.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1102, The Framers, Part 26: Elbridge Gerry Today we learn about Elbridge Gerry, the Framer of the Constitution who gave the English language the term "gerrymander."
60-Second Civics: Episode 1101, The Framers, Part 25: John Francis Mercer John Francis Mercer studied law under Thomas Jefferson. He opposed a strong central government and opposed ratification of the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1100, The Framers, Part 24: James McHenry James McHenry was born in Ireland in 1753. He acceded to positions of authority in Maryland and in the national government.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1099, The Framers, Part 23: Luther Martin Luther Martin did not sign the Constitution because he could not gain enough support for ideas he thought were important. Nevertheless favored a bill of rights, which was eventually adopted.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1098, The Framers, Part 22: Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer was a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Maryland. He supported the positions of James Madison and favored a strong national government.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1097, The Framers, Part 21: Daniel Carroll One of the two Catholic signers of the Constitution, Daniel Carroll campaigned for ratification in Maryland.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1096, The Framers, Part 19: William Pierce William Pierce served in the Revolutionary War and helped frame the Constitution, but is best known for his descriptions of other delegates.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1095, The Framers, Part 19: Willam Houston This Framer of the Constitution was criticized as having little or no legal or political knowledge.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1094, The Framers, Part 18: William Few The British forced his family to flee to Georgia, but William Few became one of the state's first senators.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1093, The Framers, Part 17: Abraham Baldwin Abraham Baldwin was a founder of the University of Georgia and a Framer of the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1092, The Framers, Part 16: George Read George Read supported "dignified" protests against the British, but did not sign the Declaration. He argued for ratification of the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1091, The Framers, Part 15: John Dickinson John Dickinson had a large role in Revolution-era America. He had strongly opposed British taxation and helped write the Articles of Confederation and Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1088, The Framers, Part 12: Richard Bassett Richard Bassett was a man of accomplishment, like so many of his contemporaries at the Philadelphia Convention.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1087, The Framers, Part 11: Roger Sherman Roger Sherman had a successful career by any standard. He served in the House and Senate and helped draft the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, and Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1086, The Framers, Part 9: William Samuel Johnson William Samuel Johnson tried to be a peacemaker during the Revolution. Failing at that, he helped write the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1085, The Framers, Part 9: Oliver Ellsworth Oliver Ellsworth contributed a lot to our country. He was one of the authors of the Great Compromise and is responsible for the Judiciary Act of 1789.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1084, The Framers, Part 8: George Wythe George Wythe didn't sign the Constitution, but he worked to get it ratified. He lived to age 80, but was probably poisoned by a relative.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1083, The Framers, Part 7: James McClurg James McClurg was an accomplished Virginia doctor; at the Philadelphia Convention, he argued for a life term of office for the president
60-Second Civics: Episode 1082, The Framers, Part 6: John Blair This Framer of the Constitution helped draft the Virginia constitution, then the nation's.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1081, The Framers, Part 5: Edmund Randolph This Framer refused to sign the Constitution, but then supported its ratification.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1080, The Framers, Part 4: George Mason He insisted on a Bill of Rights and refused to sign the Constitution, but he's one of the most important figures in American constitutionalism. Who was this Framer?
60-Second Civics: Episode 1078, The Framers, Part 2: George Washington How much to you know about George Washington? Brush up on your knowledge with this podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1077, The Framers, Part 1: Introduction Today we kick off our 56-day series of biographies of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1076, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 10: Madison's Bill of Rights Today we conclude our series on the organization of the U.S. government with a discussion of the Bill of Rights.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1075, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 9: The promise to draft a bill of rights Federalists had to promise to create a bill of rights in order to get the Constitution approved. They were keen on following through.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1074, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 8: The importance of the Supreme Court The Supreme Court wasn't always as influential as it is now. In fact, one justice didn't even show up.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1072, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 7: Article III How did Article III of the Constitution and Congress establish our judicial branch? Find out on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1071, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 6: The expanding executive branch When Jefferson was president, about 2,000 people worked for the executive branch; today, that number is about 3 million.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1070, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 5: The first cabinet Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Henry Knox: These were the first three secretaries of the first executive departments.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1069, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 4: The first executive departments What were the first three executive departments? Find out on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1068, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 3: His Highness, the President Congress once debated addressing the chief executive as "His Highness, the President." Find out why they changed their minds on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1067, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 2: Finding a source of income In 1789 the U.S government faced a serious problem: it did not have any income.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1066, Organizing the U.S. Government, Part 1: The important tasks of the first Congress. Want to learn how the U.S. government was organized? Then tune in to this series of podcasts.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1065, James Madison, Part 26: The legacy of James Madison We conclude this series on James Madison and the Constitution with an examination of the lessons of the Philadelphia Convention.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1064, James Madison, Part 25: Slavery as a threat to the Union James Madison thought that slavery was a threat to the Union. He was right.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1063, James Madison, Part 24: Madison's fears about slavery Slavery wasn't good for anybody. But Madison hoped that banning importation of slaves after 1808 would diminish the slave trade.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1062, James Madison, Part 23: Madison and slavery James Madison didn't always live up to his ideals. Take slavery, for example.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1061, James Madison, Part 22: Growing sectionalism James Madison to America: Overcome your partisan animosities and emulate the Framers' spirit of compromise.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1060, James Madison, Part 20: Critics accuse Madison of hypocrisy Elections are a legitimate way of avoiding bad governance, said James Madison, and so he eventually came around to supporting political parties.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1059, James Madison, Part 20: Madison changes his mind about factions Was James Madison a flip-flopper? Well, he changed his mind about the value of political parties.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1057, James Madison, Part 18: Father of the Bill of Rights James Madison was truly the father of the Bill of Rights. He worked almost single-handedly to draft and gain support for the document in the summer of 1789.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1056, James Madison, Part 17: Laws for the human mind James Madison fought for religious liberties in Virginia, calling laws mandating state religion "laws for the human mind."
60-Second Civics: Episode 1055, James Madison, Part 16: Madison as an advocate of religious freedom Virginia once had an official religion; James Madison thought disagreed that this was a good idea.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1054, James Madison, Part 15: Ambition must be made to counteract ambition "Ambition must be made to counteract ambition," wrote James Madison. The Constitution provides the checks and balances to accomplish this.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1053, James Madison, Part 14: Federalist 51 James Madison said that if men were angels, then no government would be needed. But men are not angels, are they?
60-Second Civics: Episode 1052, James Madison, Part 12: Federalist 10 Federalist 10 is considered to be a masterpiece of political thought; find out more on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1051, James Madison, Part 12: The Federalist The Federalist argued in favor of the proposed Constitution, and James Madison wrote many of its essays.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1050, James Madison, Part 11: The most active delegate James Madison was extremely active at the Philadelphia Convention, giving more than 160 speeches and serving as the convention's unofficial secretary.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1049, James Madison, Part 10: The Supremacy Clause and checks and balances. James Madison didn't get everything he wanted during the Philadelphia Convention, but the Supremacy Clause was a big accomplishment.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1048, James Madison, Part 9: James Madison thought that the equal representation in the Senate agreed to in the Great Compromise was a betrayal of republican principles.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1047, James Madison, Part 8: The Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan focused the delegates to the Constitutional Convention on replacing the Articles of Confederation, not merely revising it.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1046, James Madison, Part 7: Father of the Constitution He didn't like being called Father of the Constitution, but James Madison earned the nickname.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1045, James Madison, Part 6: Madison's political career James Madison accomplished a lot during his lifetime. Writing the Bill of Rights was just a beginning.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1044, James Madison, Part 5: The influential Framer James Madison helped lead the effort to win ratification of the Constitution and drafted the Bill of Rights.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1043, James Madison, Part 4: The influential James Madison How did a small man with a weak voice become so influential at the Philadelphia Convention?
60-Second Civics: Episode 1042, James Madison, Part 3: The youngest delegate James Madison was the youngest delegate to the Continental Congress. His service in the Virginia state assembly had formed his beliefs about the role of government.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1041, James Madison, Part 2: Who was James Madison? James Madison wasn't too sure about what he wanted to do after college. Learn more on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1040, James Madison, Part 1: Introduction James Madison has been described as the Father of the Constitution. Today we begin our series on Madison, our nation's fourth president.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1038, George Mason, Part 34: Virginia accepts the Constitution On today's podcast, Virginia accepts the the proposed Constitution and George Mason returns to Gunston Hall to spend his final days.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1037, George Mason, Part 33: Mason at the Virginia Ratification Convention George Mason had lots of problems with the Constitution. Learn all about it on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1036, George Mason, Part 32: A tactical error George Mason's tactical error at the Virginia Ratification Convention scuttled his attempt to vote down the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1035, George Mason, Part 31: The greatest blunder of the Philadelphia Convention What was the greatest blunder of the Philadelphia Convention? Find out what some historians think about it on today's podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1034, George Mason, Part 30: "There is no Declaration of Rights" "There is no Declaration of Rights," declared George Mason. And he refused to sign the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1033, George Mason, Part 29: Mason objects to the Constitution George Mason objected that the Constitution contained no Bill of Rights. So he wrote about it.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1032, George Mason, Part 28: George Mason refuses to sign the Constitution Today we learn why George Mason refused to sign the Constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1031, George Mason, Part 27: Antislavery public opinion and George Mason America's ideals of liberty couldn't justify the institution of slavery: Founders like George Mason knew it.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1030, George Mason, Part 26: Growing opposition to slavery Should we expect the Founders to have transcended the limitations of their own age in their actions against and attitudes toward slavery?
60-Second Civics: Episode 1029, George Mason, Part 25: Slavery and the Revolutionaries Historian Bernard Bailyn argued that abolitionism didn't truly exist in the era of the American Revolution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1028, George Mason, Part 24: The New York Manumission Society Vigorous and vocal opposition to slavery emerged from the New York Manumission Society, founded by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and others.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1027, George Mason, Part 23: Northerners opposed to slavery Free blacks were kidnapped from New York streets and sold into slavery. Some colonists were outraged.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1026, George Mason, Part 22: Slavery in the North Slavery wasn't just a Southern problem. It was a big problem for the North, too.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1025, George Mason, Part 21: That slow poison Unlike George Washington, George Mason never freed his slaves. He condemned slavery, but was unable to fully realize his own principles.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1024, George Mason, Part 20: That infernal traffic George Mason called slavery "that infernal traffic" and thought it posed a danger to the morals of the people who held slaves.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1023, George Mason, Part 19: Slavery and the potential of American decline George Mason was strongly opposed to slavery and expressed his opposition throughout his life.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1021, George Mason, Part 17: Washington and Jefferson on slavery Washington and Jefferson were opposed to slavery, but both were slaveholders. We examine their positions on slavery in this episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1020, George Mason, Part 16: George Mason and slavery George Mason was a slaveholder, but he came to believe that slavery was wrong.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1019, George Mason, Part 15: Frequent recurrence to fundamental principles Today we discuss the paragraph of the Virginia Declaration of Rights that has arguably been the most influential.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1018, George Mason, Part 14: Universal rights in the Virginia Declaration of Rights The Virginia Declaration of Rights expresses particular concern about the rights of those accused of criminal offenses.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1017, George Mason, Part 13: Government is for the common benefit of the people There were bold assertions in the Virginia Declaration of Rights: learn more on today's podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1016, George Mason, Part 12: Principles in the Virginia Declaration of Rights Government officials serve the people, not the other way around--George Mason thought this important enough to commit to the Virginia Declaration of Rights.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1015, George Mason, Part 11: Equally free and independent Today: the influences on the Virginia Declaration of Rights and its opening paragraph.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1014, George Mason, Part 10: Influence of the Virginia Declaration of Rights The Virginia Declaration of Rights had a strong influence at home and abroad. Learn all about it on today's podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1013, George Mason, Part 9: The Virginia Declaration of Rights It's the most influential constitutional document you've never heard of: the Virginia Declaration of Rights.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1009, George Mason, Part 5: The young planter George Mason owned slaves, but hated slavery. Learn more about Mason's life as a Southern planter on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1008, George Mason, Part 4: Childhood and youth On today's episode: George Mason triumphs over tragedy, reads widely, and becomes a lawyer.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1007, George Mason, Part 3: The sharp-spoken planter George Mason was known as the "sharp-spoken planter." His personality may have inhibited his fame.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1006, George Mason, Part 2: The reluctant founder George Mason played an important role in ensuring that a bill of rights was added to the Constitution, yet he remains one of the country's least-known Founders.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1003, Ronald Reagan, Part 34: The collapse of the Soviet system How did the Soviet Union dissolve? Find out on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1001, Ronald Reagan, Part 32: Reagan and Gorbachev Today we learn about the rapport between Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev.
60-Second Civics: Episode 1000, Ronald Reagan, Part 31: The evil empire and peace through strength President Reagan once called the Soviet Union an "evil empire." Learn more on today's podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 998, Ronald Reagan, Part 29: Limiting Soviet expansion Today we learn how President Reagan sought to limit Soviet expansion around the globe.
60-Second Civics: Episode 997, Ronald Reagan, Part 28: Informal presidential powers Why does the president have such a dominant role in foreign policy making? Find out on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 996, Ronald Reagan, Part 27: Chief diplomat What powers makes the president the nation's chief diplomat? Learn all about it on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 995, Ronald Reagan, Part 26: Controversy surrounding the PATCO strike Today we examine the effects of the firing of striking air-traffic controllers early in the Reagan administration.
60-Second Civics: Episode 994, Ronald Reagan, Part 26: The PATCO strike Learn about the strike of air-traffic controllers and how Ronald Reagan handled it on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 993, Ronald Reagan, Part 24: The presidency and domestic policy. The president's domestic responsibilities are made completely clear by the Constitution, right? Well, not exactly.
60-Second Civics: Episode 992, Ronald Reagan, Part 23: The legacy of the Grenada invasion Today we learn what the Grenada invasion on 1983 accomplished.
60-Second Civics: Episode 991, Ronald Reagan, Part 22: The Grenada invasion and the Constitution Ronald Reagan said that he was within his constitutional authority to invade Grenada without congressional approval. Learn more on today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 990, Ronald Reagan, Part 21: Grenada and the War Powers Resolution Did President Reagan consult with Congress before invading Grenada? Find out on today's episode
60-Second Civics: Episode 988, Ronald Reagan, Part 19: Setting the stage for the invasion of Grenada Today we discuss why President Reagan decided to invade Grenada in 1983.
60-Second Civics: Episode 987, Ronald Reagan, Part 18: Ronald Reagan's First Inaugural Address Today we discuss Ronald Reagan's view on the role of government.
60-Second Civics: Episode 986, Ronald Reagan, Part 17: The presidency: imperial or imperiled? On today's podcast, we contrast the concepts of the imperial presidency and the imperiled presidency.
60-Second Civics: Episode 985, Ronald Reagan, Part 16: The expansion and contraction of presidential powers Presidential power waxes and wanes, today we discuss presidential power in the 1960s and 1970s.
60-Second Civics: Episode 984, Ronald Reagan, Part 15: Controversy over the War Powers Resolution Today we learn why some presidents claim that the War Powers Resolution is unconstitutional.
60-Second Civics: Episode 981, Ronald Reagan, Part 12: Federalist 69 Today we examine Alexander Hamilton's comparison of the powers of the king of England and the president of the United States.
60-Second Civics: Episode 980, Ronald Reagan, Part 11: Constitutional checks on the president's warmaking powers On today's podcast, we discuss the Constitution's checks on the president's power to wage war.
60-Second Civics: Episode 979, Ronald Reagan, Part 10: The Constitution as the source and limit of presidential authority Today we discuss the Constitution as the source and limit of presidential authority.
60-Second Civics: Episode 978, Ronald Reagan, Part 9: The Constitution's minimal definition of the presidency Today we explore the Constitiution's minimal definition of the presidency.
60-Second Civics: Episode 976, Ronald Reagan, Part 7: Article II of the Constitution Today we discuss the reasons behind the design of the executive branch.
60-Second Civics: Episode 975, Ronald Reagan, Part 6: The Age of Reagan Today we learn why the 1980s are described by some historians as "The Age of Reagan."
60-Second Civics: Episode 970, Ronald Reagan, Part 1: Introduction Today we launch our Presidents' Day series, which this year explores the presidency of our fortieth president, Ronald Reagan.
60-Second Civics: Episode 969, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 12: The legacy of Birmingham Today we conclude our Black History Month podcast series with an episode on the legacy of the Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign.
60-Second Civics: Episode 968, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 11: Bombings in Birmingham In another episode of our Black History Month podcasts, we learn about the series of bombings that rocked Birmingham in 1963.
60-Second Civics: Episode 967, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 10: An agreement on desegregation We continue our Black History Month series with a discussion of the agreement to desegregate Birmingham.
60-Second Civics: Episode 966, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 9: Public outrage As our series on Black History Month continues, we learn how the police crackdown in Birmingham slowly led to a movement toward resolution of the conflict.
60-Second Civics: Episode 965, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 8: The brutal crackdown On today's podcast, we discuss the brutal crackdown by police on civil rights protestors in Birmingham.
60-Second Civics: Episode 963, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 6: The Good Friday march Today on the podcast: protests in Birmingham, the Good Friday March, and mass arrests.
60-Second Civics: Episode 962, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 5: The boycotts As we continue Black History Month series, we learn about the boycotts of the Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign of 1963.
60-Second Civics: Episode 961, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 4: The campaign begins Part of our Black History Month series, we explore the beginning of the Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign of 1963..
60-Second Civics: Episode 959, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 2: James Meredith and the desegregation of the University of Mississippi. We continue our Black History Month series with a look at the desegregation of Ole Miss in 1962.
60-Second Civics: Episode 958, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 1: Albany and the SCLC Today we launch our Black History month series with a discussion of the Albany campaign of 1962.
60-Second Civics: Episode 957, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 6: Making principled arguments about the Constitution On today's episode, we conclude our discussion of returning to fundamental principles by learning what citizenship is all about.
60-Second Civics: Episode 956, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 5: Frequent recurrence to fundamental principles. On today's episode, we discuss the importance of "frequent recurrence to fundamental principles."
60-Second Civics: Episode 955, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 4: The fall of the Soviet Union Today we learn how the Soviet Union eventually fell apart.
60-Second Civics: Episode 954, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 3: The Solidarity movement Today we learn about how communism collapsed in Poland.
60-Second Civics: Episode 953, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 2: Ideas rule the world On today's podcast, we discuss the proposition that ideas matter.
60-Second Civics: Episode 952, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 1: An adventure in ideas On today's podcast, we begin our brief series on fundamental principles and the American experiment in democracy.
60-Second Civics: Episode 951, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 26: Globalization, capital, and technology Today we explore the role of investment and capital in globalization and recognize the leading role of technology in globalization.
60-Second Civics: Episode 950, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 25: Outsourcing On today's podcast, we discuss worker mobility and outsourcing.
60-Second Civics: Episode 949, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 24: Increasing world trade Today we discuss how globalization has taken place over the years.
60-Second Civics: Episode 948, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 23: Globalization and an example from China This episode kicks off our weeklong exploration of globalization.
60-Second Civics: Episode 947, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 22: A less isolationist country On today's podcast, we learn how the United States became a less isolationist country.
60-Second Civics: Episode 946, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 21: Becoming informed about international issues Today we learn how to become informed about international affairs.
60-Second Civics: Episode 945, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 20: Contacting public officials On today's podcast, we discuss how citizens can influence party by voting and participating in nongovernmental organizations.
60-Second Civics: Episode 944, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 19: How to influence foreign policy On today's episode, we discuss the ways that Americans can influence foreign policy.
60-Second Civics: Episode 943, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 18: The United Nations and other international organizations Today we discuss the United Nations, NATO, and other international organizations
60-Second Civics: Episode 942, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 17: The United Nations Security Council On today's episode, we discuss the United Nations Security Council.
60-Second Civics: Episode 941, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 16: The United Nations Today we discuss the fundamental principles of the United Nations.
60-Second Civics: Episode 940, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 15: The League of Nations and the birth of the United Nations On today's episode, we discuss the formation of the League of Nations, its demise, and its successor.
60-Second Civics: Episode 939, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 14: Problems with international law On today's podcast, we discuss some of the challenges of international law.
60-Second Civics: Episode 938, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 13: The four ideals of international law Today we explain the four ideals of international law.
60-Second Civics: Episode 937, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 12: International law On today's episode, we discuss the basic principles of international law.
60-Second Civics: Episode 936, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 11: The Supreme Court and international relations Today we learn how the Supreme Court affects international diplomacy.
60-Second Civics: Episode 935, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 10: Presidential power over diplomatic relations On today's podcast, we discuss presidential authority over diplomatic relations.
60-Second Civics: Episode 934, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 9: Treaties Today we discuss the power of the president and Congress over treaties.
60-Second Civics: Episode 933, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 8: Presidential power to deal with other nations. Today we discuss the powers of the president to conduct relations with foreign nations.
60-Second Civics: Episode 932, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 7: Congress and piracy On today's episode, we examine the power of Congress over piracy.
60-Second Civics: Episode 931, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 6: Congressional war powers On today's episode, we examine the power of Congress over the military.
60-Second Civics: Episode 930, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 5: Congressional power to regulate commerce. Today we examine the power of Congress to regulate commerce.
60-Second Civics: Episode 929, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 4: Power of Congress to deal with other nations In this episode, we describe the powers of Congress to engage in international relations.
60-Second Civics: Episode 928, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 3: Isolationism is not an option We begin this episode with a look at early attitudes about isolationism and discuss whether it is still a relevant option.
60-Second Civics: Episode 927, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 2: France and the United States An early episode of the history of the United States demonstrates the inescapble nature of international affairs.
60-Second Civics: Episode 926, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 1: Thucydides and Machiavelli Today we examine thought behind the idea that nations must be involved in world affairs.
60-Second Civics: Episode 924, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 19: A model for civil discourse On today's episode, we discuss the Framers' rules for debate during the Constitutional Convention
60-Second Civics: Episode 923, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 8: Civil discourse On today's podcast, we examine why civil discourse is important.
60-Second Civics: Episode 922, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 7: Are we too dependent on government? On today's episode, we examine the debate over whether Americans are too dependent on government.
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This site is brought to you by the Center for Civic Education. The Center's mission is to promote an enlightened and responsible citizenry committed to democratic principles and actively engaged in the practice of democracy. The Center has reached more than 30 million students and their teachers since 1965. Learn more.