60-Second Civics: Episode 4579, The Nineteenth Amendment: Women's History Month, Part 24 After decades of struggle, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in 1920, recognizing the right of women to vote throughout the country, but not all women would be able to realize this right.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4578, The Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913: Women's History Month, Part 23 One day before the presidential inauguration of Woodrow Wilson, roughly 8,000 women's rights activists marched from the U.S. Capitol to the Treasury Department to demand the right to vote. Although marred by violence and racism, the aims of the marchers would be realized 7 years later with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4577, Mary Church Terrell: Women's History Month, Part 22 Mary Church Terrell was an African American educator, women's rights campaigner, and civil rights activist.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4576, Marie Louise Bottineau Baldwin: Women's History Month, Part 21 Marie Louise Bottineau Baldwin was a Native American activist, attorney, and advocate of women's right to vote.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4575, Ida Tarbell: Women's History Month, Part 20 Ida Tarbell was a pioneering investigative journalist of the Progressive Era. Her 19-part series on Standard Oil Company would ultimately lead to the breakup of the company.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4574, Ida B. Wells: Women's History Month, Part 19 Ida B. Wells refused to march at the back of a women's suffrage parade. She refused to leave a first-class train car and sit in the section reserved for African Americans. And most importantly she refused to be silenced and courageously reported on lynchings of African Americans, risking her life and facing down numerous threats.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4573, Susan B. Anthony: Women's History Month, Part 18 After her trial for having voted in an 1872 election, Susan B. Anthony explained to the judge the implications of her conviction: "My natural rights, my civil rights, my political rights, are all alike ignored. Robbed of the fundamental privilege of citizenship, I am degraded from the status of a citizen to that of a subject." Today, women in Rochester, New York, cover her grave with "I Voted" stickers.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4572, Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Women's History Month, Part 17 Elizabeth Cady Stanton is remembered for her persuasive oratorical skills, the power of her writing, her tireless advocacy of the right to vote for women and reform of laws that kept men and women on an unequal footing.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4571, The Seneca Falls Convention: Women's History Month, Part 16 In 1848, about 300 activists met in Seneca Falls, New York, for the first convention in the United States devoted to women's rights. They discussed Elizabeth Cady Stanton's proposed Declaration of Sentiments, which mirrored the language of the Declaration of Independence.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4570, The Forten Sisters: Women's History Month, Part 15 Margaretta, Harriet, and Sarah Forten were three powerful African American campaigners for the abolition and women's rights movements. Harriet and Sarah married members of another prominent abolitionist family, the Purvises. Harriet and her husband Robert were involved in the Underground Railroad, and their home served as a refuge for people who had escaped slavery and as a meeting place for abolitionists.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4569, Lucretia Mott: Women's History Month, Part 14 Lucretia Mott was one of the most well-known, active, and influential women's rights and anti-slavery activists in nineteenth-century America. She was a persuasive speaker at a time when public speaking by women was frowned upon. Not allowed to actively participate in the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840 because of their gender, Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton resolved to organize the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention in the nation.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4568, Sarah and Angelina Grimke: Women's History Month, Part 13 Sarah and Angelina Grimke were among the first women to speak out in public in opposition to slavery. They were condemned for speaking out in public to "promiscuous" audiences; that is, audiences composed of both men and women. This prompted them to speak out more forcefully for equal rights for women. They lived long enough to see slavery abolished and the right of African American men to vote recognized, but universal women's suffrage would not be achieved until 1920, although Jim Crow laws would make it difficult or impossible for African Americans vote until the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4567, Beginning of the Women's Movement: Women's History Month, Part 12 The movement for equal rights for women in the United States had its beginnings in the movement to abolish slavery. In both movements, women would encounter vociferous and sometimes violent opposition.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4566, Federalism and Limited Government: Democratic Norms, Part 5 Federalism and limited government are principles that ensure that the American political system protects liberty and natural rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness as outlined in the Declaration of Independence. Listen to learn more from Dr. Bose in this final episode of the series!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4565, Separation of Powers: Checks and Balances: Democratic Norms, Part 4 To ensure that no individual or institution would have too much power in the American republic, the Framers of the Constitution designed a system of separation of powers and checks and balances. Learn more about these important checks on the power of government in this episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4564, The Rule of Law: Democratic Norms, Part 3 What makes a democracy function is the premise that no one is above the rule of law. But what does that mean? Learn more from Dr. Bose in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4563, Civic Participation: Democratic Norms, Part 2 Civic participation undergirds American democracy. In fact, it is what makes American democracy thrive. Listen to Dr. Meena Bose explain this important democratic norm in this episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4562, Representative Government: Democratic Norms, Part 1 Today we start the first of our five-day series on democratic norms with Dr. Meena Bose, the Peter S. Kalikow Chair in Presidential Studies and Executive Dean for Public Policy and Public Service Programs at Hofstra University. In our first episode, Dr. Bose discusses representative government, which is a fundamental feature of American democracy. Listen to learn more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4561, Native American Women in the Colonial Era: Women's History Month, Part 6 Europeans were surprised that Native American women had so much power and influence, particularly within the Haudenosaunee nations. In those nations, women held political power within the tribes, appointing and removing chiefs at their discretion.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4560, Nanye'hi: Women's History Month, Part 5 Despite being known as the "War Woman of Chota," Nanye'hi, also known as Nancy Ward, was a Cherokee woman who would work for much of her life to ensure peace between the Cherokees and the Americans, while attempting to prevent the further seizure of Cherokee land.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4559, Elizabeth Freeman: Women's History Month, Part 4 Elizabeth Freeman, also known as Mum Bett, escaped slavery in a way that was unusual: she took her case to court. She approached lawyer Theodore Sedgwick with this question: "I heard that paper read yesterday that says 'all men are born equal,' and that every man has a right to freedom ... won't the law give me my freedom?" Appealing to her natural rights and her rights under the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780, she sued for her freedom and won.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4558, Ona Judge: Women's History Month, Part 3 Ona Judge escaped George and Martha Washington's household, where she was an enslaved housemaid, and made her way to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where she eluded George Washington's determined attempts to capture her. She made a new life for herself in New Hampshire, marrying and having three children. Her side of her remarkable story survives because she gave interviews to at least two abolitionist newspapers.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4557, Coverture and the Colonial Era: Women's History Month, Part 2 A married woman living during the American colonial era would have lived under the legal doctrine called "coverture," where her legal identity was subsumed under that of her husband. William Blackstone wrote, "By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in the law: that is, the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage, or at least is incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband: under whose wing, protection, and cover, she performs every thing." This was governed by colonial law before independence and state law after independence. It would not change substantially after the Revolution in most states, but divorce and child custody laws would change.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4556, The Struggle for Equality: Women's History Month, Part 1 It's Women's History Month! All this month, 60-Second Civics will explain the struggle for equal rights for women and how our Constitution and laws evolved to make our nation a more representative democracy. In this episode, we briefly trace the struggle of women for equal voting rights in the United States.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4555, Sojourner Truth: Black History Month, Part 14 Sojourner Truth was a determined woman. She fled slavery, successfully sued to have her son returned to her in New York after he had been illegally sold to a slaveholder, and made a new life for herself. Truth was a prolific social activist, producing an autobiography, speaking out against slavery, and advocating for the right of women to vote. Two hundred years after her death, a robotic exploration vehicle called Sojourner, named after her, would land on Mars.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4554, The Importance of Civic Education: Dr. Vicki Ross-Norris, Part 10 In the final episode of our series with Dr. Ross-Norris, we ask: Why is civic education important?
60-Second Civics: Episode 4553, How Young People Can Address Injustice: Dr. Vicki Ross-Norris, Part 9 In this episode, we ask Dr. Vicki Ross-Norris: How can young people get involved in addressing injustices today? She explains the importance of making your voice heard and of support from older generations.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4552, Traveling to Ghana: Dr. Vicki Ross-Norris, Part 8 While in college, Dr. Vicki Ross-Norris took a trip to Ghana that gave her and her classmates the opportunity to explore another culture and connect with their heritage. Listen to learn more about her experience!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4551, Racism and Policing in the 1940s: Dr. Vicki Ross-Norris, Part 7 Dr. Ross-Norris recounts an encounter her family had with the police while driving through South Carolina at night. Her experiences bring to light issues with racism and policing during that time
60-Second Civics: Episode 4550, Important Figures in the Civil Rights Movement: Dr. Vicki Ross-Norris, Part 6 Throughout her life, Dr. Ross-Norris has interacted with several prominent civil rights leaders, including Dr. Dorothy Height and Rev. Fauntroy. Learn more how these figures inspired the next generation of civil rights leaders in today's episode.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4549, Maya Angelou & Her Role as a Citizen: Dr. Vicki Ross-Norris, Part 5 Maya Angelou, an African American poet and civil rights activist, used her artistic abilities to communicate the Black experience and serve as an instrument for others to understand African American culture. Listen as Dr. Vicki Ross-Norris recounts her interactions with Maya Angelou in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4548, Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Dr. Vicki Ross-Norris, Part 4 Today we ask our guest Dr. Vicki Ross-Norris: Why are historically black colleges and universities important? In the episode, she shares her experience as a Howard University alumna and how attending an HBCU was significant to her as an African American.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4547, The Tuskegee Airmen: Dr. Vicki Ross-Norris, Part 3 In today's episode, Dr. Ross-Norris talks about the Tuskegee Airmen, a group her father belonged to and who taught her important lessons about civics and being an American.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4546, Learning About the African American Experience: Dr. Vicki Ross-Norris, Part 2 In February, we celebrate Black History Month. Today we ask Dr. Ross-Norris: Why should all Americans learn about the African American experience? Listen to learn why!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4545, Slavery & Our Nation's Founding: Dr. Vicki Ross-Norris, Part 1 This week, we are joined by a very special guest, Vicki Ross-Norris, an actress, educator, and member of the Center for Civic Education's board of directors. In our first episode, we ask her: Given that many of the Framers of the Constitution were slaveholders, how should Americans think about our nation's founding?
60-Second Civics: Episode 4544, The Underground Railroad: Black History Month, Part 13 The Underground Railroad was a system of escape routes, safehouses, and committed anti-slavery activists who helped enslaved people escape to freedom in Canada. Thousands fled to freedom thanks to this multiracial movement led by free African Americans.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4543, Harriet Tubman: Black History Month, Part 12 Harriet Tubman's story is truly inspiring. Born a slave, she escaped to freedom, but later led dozens others to their freedom through the human network known as the Underground Railroad. When the Civil War began, she served as a spy, a nurse, and a guide. But that wasn't all. After the war, she advocated for the right of women to vote.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4541, Fugitive Slave Clause: Black History Month, Part 10 The fugitive slave clause was another compromise the Framers of the Constitution made to ensure that the Southern states would ratif the Constitution. This clause required that enslaved people who escaped be returned to the person who claimed them. This applied even to states where slavery would be outlawed, which would later stoke the outrage of abolitionists and raise tension between the North and the South.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4540, Three-Fifths Compromise: Black History Month, Part 9 The Three-Fifths Compromise counted enslaved people for purposes of representation, not to protect the interests of the enslaved people, but to advance the interests of the slaveholders. Here is how it happened: the Framers of the Constitution agreed that there should be proportional representation in the House of Representatives, but disagreed on whether to count enslaved people for purposes of representation. Southern states held many enslaved people in bondage, but Northern states held few. The two sides came to a compromise: they would count three out of every five enslaved people, hence the term \"Three-Fifths Compromise.\" Sadly, this would remain in the Constitution until the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4539, The Constitution and Slavery: Black History Month, Part 8 Many of the Framers of the Constitution were ashamed of slavery, and carefully avoided using the words "slave" or "slavery" in the document. Nevertheless, the Framers protected slavery in the Constitution in order to accommodate the Southern states, which threatened to refuse to join the Union.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4538, African Americans in the American Revolution: Black History Month, Part 7 Enslaved African Americans faced difficult choices at the start of the Revolutionary War. The British royal governor of Virginia promised them freedom, and many joined the Loyalist cause. Up to 100,000 others fled across British lines. And yet about 5,000 served as soldiers in the Continental Army, serving valiantly. We'll learn some of their stories on today's podcast.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4537, Phillis Wheatley Peters: Black History Month, Part 6 Phillis Wheatley Peters was the first African American to publish a volume of poetry. She was born around 1753 and taken to the American colonies as a slave, but learned how to read and write, publishing her first poem at the age of thirteen. Her fame became international when her poems were published in London. She is remembered not only for her poetry, but also for inspiring abolitionists in America and Europe.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4536, The Declaration of Independence and Slavery: Black History Month, Part 5 The Declaration of Independence asserted that "all Men are created equal" and yet enslaved African Americans had been systematically deprived of their rights since at least 1619. Today we learn about the passages condemning slavery that were deleted from the Declaration of Independence.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4535, The Economics of Slavery: Black History Month, Part 4 The South became increasingly dependent on the labor of enslaved African Americans, especially after the invention of the cotton gin in 1793. Cotton was a main cash crop. This dependence on forced labor led to the refusal of the South to abolish slavery.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4534, Languages and Cultures of Enslaved Africans in America: Black History Month, Part 3 When enslaved Africans were forcibly brought to America, their names were changed by slaveholders and they were often forbidden to speak their native languages. Nevertheless, these rich cultures were never entirely suppressed, and their influence can be seen in the United States today.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4533, Introduction of Slavery to America: Black History Month, Part 2 More than 10 million enslaved Africans would be forcibly transported to the New Word, and at least 250,000 would be taken to the United States. Slavery would not be confined to the South. Slavery was eventually practiced in every American colony.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4532, All Men Are Created Equal: Black History Month, Part 1 Despite the assurance of the Declaration of Independence that "all men are created equal" the Declaration did not recognize the freedom of enslaved people. And although the Constitution did not mention the word "slavery," it contained provisions that ensured its survival. Nevertheless, the story of the more than 400 years since slavery was first introduced into the thirteen colonies is one of expanding rights and greater equality for all Americans.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4531, Human Equality and Government by Consent: The Road to Independence, Part 19 The Declaration of Independence made arguments based on human equality and government by consent, among other things. Listen to learn more about these important concepts!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4530, Ideas in the Declaration of Independence: The Road to Independence, Part 18 The Declaration of Independence contains ideas and arguments for independence that can be divided into several categories: natural rights, human equality, government by consent, the "long train of abuses" by King George III, and finally, the right to revolution. Listen for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4529, The Declaration of Independence: The Road to Independence, Part 17 The Declaration of Independence announced the final, momentous step in the colonists' resistance to the British government by rejecting the sovereignty, or authority, of the Crown. Learn more about this declaration in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4528, The Revolution Begins: The Road to Independence, Part 16 The battles of Lexington and Concord began the war between America and Britain. In August 1775 Britain declared the colonies to be in a state of rebellion. Within a year, the Americans would officially declare their independence. Listen to learn more about this evolution!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4527, Concord Hymn: The Road to Independence, Part 15 "The shot heard 'round the world" is a line in the poem Concord Hymn describing the effect of the outbreak of the American Revolution in April 1775. Learn more in today's podcast!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4526, Lexington and Concord: The Road to Independence, Part 14 By 1774 many of the more radical colonists were beginning to prepare for war against Great Britain. These colonists formed civilian militias. On April 19, 1775, some 700 British troops tried to march to Concord, Massachusetts. Listen for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4525, First Continental Congress: The Road to Independence, Part 13 Colonists formed committees of correspondence to publicize colonial opposition and coordinate resistance. In 1774 colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss potential responses to the British government. The meeting was called the First Continental Congress.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4524, The Intolerable Acts: The Road to Independence, Part 12 Following the Boston Tea Party, the British government responded with what colonists called the Intolerable Acts, a series of Punitive Acts that, among other things, closed Boston Harbor to all trade. Listen to today?s episode to learn more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4523, John Adams and the Boston Massacre: The Road to Independence, Part 11 Controversial at the time, lawyer and later president John Adams defended the British soldiers and their captain following the Boston Massacre. Learn more about his motivation for doing this in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4522, The Boston Massacre: The Road to Independence, Part 10 On the night of March 5, 1770, a riot broke out and shots were fired in what would later be known as the ???Boston Massacre.??? Learn more about this important event in today???s episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4521, Daughters of Liberty: The Road to Independence, Part 9 After repealing the hated Stamp Act in 1766, the British Parliament passed the Declaratory Act, asserting Great Britain's full power and authority over the American colonies. In response a group of American women calling themselves the Daughters of Liberty led boycotts of English goods. Listen for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4520, The Townshend Acts: The Road to Independence, Part 8 The Townshend Acts are a now-infamous group of duties passed by Parliament in June 1767. They levied new taxes on items imported from Britain, which came with significant consequences. Learn more in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4519, The Stamp Act Congress: The Road to Independence, Part 7 The Stamp Act Congress was held in October 1765 in New York to coordinate colonial resistance to the unpopular Stamp Act, which required nearly every important document printed in the colonies to be taxed. Hear more about this significant occurrence in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4518, The Sons of Liberty: The Road to Independence, Part 6 Opposition to the Stamp Act prompted American colonists to organize. The Sons of Liberty was one group created to resist the Stamp Act inspired by the words of Isaac Barre. Learn more about this group in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4517, The Stamp and Quartering Acts: The Road to Independence, Part 5 The British Parliament passed two highly unpopular laws in 1765: the Stamp Act and the Quartering Act. Listen to today's episode to learn more about these influential acts!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4516, The Stamp Act: The Road to Independence, Part 4 The British government sought to raise more revenue from the thirteen American colonies by introducing the Stamp Act in 1765. Learn more about the Stamp Act in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4515, The Sugar Act: The Road to Independence, Part 3 The American colonists were already unhappy with the British about the Proclamation of 1763. But then they took another step that angered Americans. In 1764, Parliament passed the Sugar Act. Learn more in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4514, The Proclamation of 1763: The Road to Independence, Part 2 Britain increased its control over the American colonies after 1763 following its victory over the French in the Seven Years' War, including with acts such as the Proclamation of 1763. Learn more about the implications of this in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4513, Salutary Neglect: The Road to Independence, Part 1 For more than 150 years before 1776, the American colonists had grown used to little direct interference by Parliament in colonial affairs. This policy was known as "salutary neglect," but changes to this policy would initiate the focus of our new series: The Road to Independence!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4512, Equality and the American Mind: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 20 Where did the idea of universal human equality, a common American idea, come from? Religious movements in colonial America helped spread the idea of universal moral human equality, including equality among social classes. Listen to today's podcast for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4511, Stoicism, Christianity, and Moral Equality: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 19 On Friday, we discussed the origins of Americans' sense of political equality, but our founders also possessed a strong sense of moral equality. Indeed, the idea of the moral equality of human beings has ancient origins. Listen to today's episode for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4510, Americans' Sense of Political Equality: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 18 The Declaration of Independence states that all men, meaning all people, are created equal. But where did this idea come from? Ideas of natural political equality were developed in seventeenth-century England and exported to its colonies across the North Atlantic. Learn more in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4509, "All Men Are Created Equal:" The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 17 The Declaration of Independence states that among the "truths" that Americans hold to be "self-evident" is that "all Men are created equal." But what did Thomas Jefferson mean by this statement?
60-Second Civics: Episode 4508, The American Creed: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 16 Thomas Jefferson said that his purpose in writing the Declaration of Independence was to express a shared understanding of "the American mind." Over the course of a few days in June 1776, Jefferson laid out the most fundamental principles and central political beliefs of the American Revolution and of the people the Revolution created.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4507, Why Americans Held These Truths to Be Self-evident: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Govt. in the Colonies, Part 15 Why did the writers of the Declaration of Independence "hold these Truths to be self-evident?" Among other things, these Americans were deeply influenced by the teachings of Christianity and English republicanism.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4506, The Meaning of Self-Evident Truths: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Govt. in the Colonies, Part 14 The second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence begins like this: "We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness." But what does "We hold these truths to be self-evident" mean? We explain more in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4504, Qualifying to Vote in Early America: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 11 In the American colonies, the right to vote followed the British model: only free adult males who owned a certain amount of property could vote, though there were limited exceptions to this rule. Listen to learn more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4503, Qualifying to Vote in Early America: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 11 In the American colonies, the right to vote followed the British model: only free adult males who owned a certain amount of property could vote, though there were limited exceptions to this rule. Listen to learn more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4502, Voting Rights in Colonial America: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 10 Voting rights in colonial America depended on the ownership of property. In other words, a person had to own a certain amount of land, livestock, or other property in order to qualify to vote. Listen to learn more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4501, Representative Democracy in Colonial America: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 9 Each of the thirteen American colonies had some features of representative democracy that we still see today. For example, each of the colonies had a legislative, executive, and judicial branch.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4500, The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 8 The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is an important American founding document. The Connecticut Colony has its origins in 1636, when Thomas Hooker led a group of dissenting Puritans from Massachusetts to the Connecticut Valley. Learn why this document was so revolutionary in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4499, The Massachusetts Body of Liberties: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 7 Americans have had a tradition of written guarantees of rights since the time of the thirteen colonies. The Massachusetts Body of Liberties of 1641 provides a good example.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4498, Written Guarantees of Rights: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 6 Despite the presence of indentured servitude and slavery in colonial America, many Americans enjoyed written guarantees of their rights.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4497, Slavery in Colonial America: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 5 Slavery was present in the thirteen American colonies since at least the early 1600s. Until slavery was abolished in the mid-nineteenth century, almost 12 million Africans were transported against their will to America. Listen to today's podcast to learn more about the foundations of slavery in the US.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4496, Indentured Servitude in Colonial America: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 4 Land was plentiful in the thirteen American colonies, but labor was scarce. It was also expensive to sail from Britain to America. This reality created incentives for indentured servitude. Learn more about these colonists in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4495, The Southern Colonies: The Basic Ideas of Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 3 The mostly rural and agricultural southern colonies differed a great deal from both the New England and Middle Colonies. Learn how in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4494, The Middle Colonies: Basic Ideas of Rights & Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 2 America's Middle Colonies included today's states of Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The Middle Colonies different in important ways from the New England colonies. Learn about these key differences in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4493, The New England Colonies: Basic Ideas of Rights & Constitutional Government in the Colonies, Part 1 The American colonies can be divided into three regions: New England, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. At the time of American independence, in 1776, the New England colonies were Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. Learn more about this group of colonies in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4492, The Mayflower Compact: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 67 The Mayflower Compact is seen as an example of the social contract theory, which meant that the colonists consented to be governed under mutually agreed-upon laws for the general good of the Colony. Listen to today's episode to learn more about this famous agreement!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4491, The Voyage of the Mayflower: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 66 In 1620, a ship called the Mayflower embarked on a long and perilous journey from Plymouth, England, to the New World. Learn more about this famous voyage in today's podcast!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4490, The Jamestown Colony: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 65 The Jamestown colony is one of the most famous British colonies in the New World. Learn about the origins and outcomes for this colony is today’s episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4489, The Race to Colonize North America: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 64 In the early seventeenth century, Britain sought to compete with Spain, France, and the Netherlands, which had already established colonies in the New World. Listen to today’s podcast to learn more about this struggle between global powers!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4488, Early English Settlements: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 63 In the early 1600s, competition to settle North America was heating up between the major European powers. Spain, France, and The Netherlands each claimed territory in what would eventually become the United States.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4487, Early Settlement of North America: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 62 The first known European settlement in North America was a small, short-lived Viking community at L'Anse aux Meadows, in what is now Newfoundland, Canada. Of course, for thousands of years, major Native American settlements existed in what would become the United States. Listen to learn more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4486, The British Constitution: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 61 Unlike the American Constitution, the British constitution is not entirely written down. Instead, the British constitution is composed of common law, acts of Parliament, court decisions, and long-established practices and traditions. Listen to today's podcast for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4485, The Model Parliament of Edward I: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 60 The word Parliament comes from the French word parler, or to speak. This points to the origins of the British Parliament as a body that would advise the king, and later approve his proposals. Listen to today's podcast for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4484, Simon de Montfort's Parliaments of 1265: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 59 Simon de Montfort's Parliaments of 1265 were the first Parliaments that brought in representatives from the towns and cities of England, along with knights, who represented counties. Listen to learn more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4483, King Henry III and the Rise of Parliament: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 58 During the Reign of Henry III, Parliament grew in power. Learn more about this important period for the growth of legislative bodies in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4482, The Significance of the Magna Carta: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 57 Magna Carta means "Great Charter," and it contained significant limits, at least in theory, on the power of the king. Listen to today's podcast to learn more about this document, which was highly influential on the American colonists and British law!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4481, King John Agrees to the Magna Carta: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 56 The Magna Carta is a charter of rights that eventually came to be recognized as a foundation of English statutory law. Learn more about the history behind this historic document in today’s episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4480, The Charter of Liberties: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 55 An important event in the establishment of limited government occurred in the year 1100 when the Charter of Liberties was issued. Listen to today???s episode to learn more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4479, Origins of the House of Commons: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 54 The House American Congress somewhat resembles the ancient bodies from Anglo-Saxon times. Learn more in today’s episode about these origins, including what they have evolved into for the modern British model of government.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4478, The Witan: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 53 Before the Norman invasion of England in 1066, the Anglo-Saxon kings called together a group of advisors called a Witan. Learn more today!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4477, Writs and Courts of Equity: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 52 The Normans introduced the system of writs to English law. Soon the Normans found that controversies arose over the interpretations of writs.??They, therefore, introduced courts of equity, also known as Chancery courts, named after the king's chancellor. Learn more about these influential decisions in today???s podcast!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4476, What the Norman Invasion Meant: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 51 What did the Norman invasion mean for Anglo-Saxon England? We'll explore the influence of William the Conqueror and the Norman rule in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4475, The Norman Invasion of 1066: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 50 After the Anglo-Saxon king of England, Edward the Confessor, died in January 1066, an Anglo-Saxon aristocrat, Harold Godwinson, assumed the throne. There was a slight problem. William, Duke of Normandy, claimed that Edward had promised him the crown.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4474, The Anglo-Saxon Era and the Law: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 49 The Anglo-Saxon Era lasted until 1066, but its legacy can be seen in British and American law today. Anglo-Saxon kings simply proclaimed the law, although they had accommodated regional customs.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4471, Anglo-Saxon Society: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 46 During the Anglo-Saxon period, which lasted from about 410 AD until 1066 AD, many different tribes ruled Britain. These tribes featured different social roles, such as "thanes" and "ceorls." Listen to learn more about Anglo Saxon society in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4470, The Anglo-Saxons Arrive in England: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 45 With the collapse of Roman rule in Britain around 410 AD, small kingdoms emerged throughout Britain. The disappearance of Roman administration of Britain was sudden and dramatic. Learn more now!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4469, The Rise and Fall of Roman Britain: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 44 Over the next few episodes we will explore the evolution of British constitutional government, especially as it relates to the American colonies and American constitutionalism. Listen to today?s episode to learn about the rise and fall of Roman Britain!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4468, The Enlightenment Thinker Benjamin Franklin: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 43 Benjamin Franklin was an important Founder of the United States and a man who exemplified the Age of Enlightenment in America. Learn more about his influence during this critical period in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4467, Reason and Observation: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 42 During the Enlightenment, some philosophers were very much like scientists as we understand them today. It was the role of philosophers to explore both the world of morality and the causes and effects of nature. Learn more about the role of reason and observation in today's podcast!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4466, The Enlightenment and the Founders: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 41 The Age of Enlightenment was a European intellectual movement that celebrated human reason and sought to realize human potential. The Enlightenment spread to America, where it had a significant influence on the American Founders. Listen for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4465, The Emergence of Capitalism: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 40 As trade, social mobility, and education expanded throughout Europe during the Renaissance, a new economic system arose called capitalism. Learn more about the emergence of this new economic system in today’s episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4464, Humanism Shapes the Renaissance: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 39 One of the forces that helped define the European Renaissance was humanism. In fact, humanism helped create the Renaissance. Find out how in today’s episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4463, The Peace of Westphalia: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 38 The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 ended the Thirty Years’ War and started what we think of as modern nation-states. Listen to today’s episode for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4462, The Reformation and the Rise to the Modern Nation-State: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 37 The Protestant Reformation led to the establishment of new churches that were separate and apart from the Roman Catholic Church. Some secular political leaders saw the religious reform movement as a chance to break away from the political authority of the Holy Roman Empire. Learn more in today???s episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4461, The Protestant Reformation: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 36 The Protestant Reformation was a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church that began in the early 1500s in Europe. It was a powerful stimulus to modern ideas about the role of individuals in the Church and the state. Listen to today?s episode to learn more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4460, The Renaissance and the Start of the Reformation: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 35 Renaissance is the period in European history when society moved out of the dark ages toward a recognition of the rights of individuals. Learn more about this period and how it influenced the start of the Reformation in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4458, Society in Medieval Europe: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 33 Medieval European society featured social classes that were hierarchical. There was no equality among them and a person generally could not move between social classes, creating a very stratified society. Learn more about this society in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4456, The Judeo-Christian Tradition: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 31 Classical republicanism and natural rights philosophy had a profound influence on the way the American Founders thought about government. However, the Founders were also strongly influenced by the Judeo-Christian religious tradition.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4454, Popular Sovereignty as Fundamental to Democracy: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 29 Popular sovereignty is a fundamental idea of democracy. It is also a simple idea: The people are the ultimate source of the authority of government. Find out more in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4453, Popular Sovereignty and the American Colonies: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 28 One idea from natural rights philosophy that gained traction in the American colonies was popular sovereignty.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4452, Individual Rights and the American Colonies: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 27 Given the abundant natural resources and freedom the colonists enjoyed, natural rights philosophy strongly influenced many of the American Founders. Find out more about natural rights philosophy in the colonies with today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4451, John Locke's Conception of Natural Rights: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 26 The Declaration of Independence, which reflects Locke's view of natural rights, states that people consent to government to protect certain natural rights, identified in the Declaration as inalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4448, Civic Virtue, Moral Education, and Small, Uniform Communities: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 23 Civic virtue was and continues to be an important concept that American Founders drew upon from classical republicanism. We explore this concept and related aspects in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4447, Structure of Roman Republican Government: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 23 The Roman Republic inspired and informed the American Founders' own thinking about government. Learn more in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4446, The Foundation of Moral Education in the American Colonies: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 22 Classical republican writers supported the idea of moral education and this was echoed in the American colonial experience. Learn more in today’s episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4444, Cincinnatus and George Washington: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 19 The stories of Cincinnatus and George Washington were told for many years in the early American republic as examples of civic virtue. Listen to today’s episode to learn more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4443, Cato as an Example of Civic Virtue: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 18 The founding generation of Americans admired heroes of classical antiquity as examples of civic virtue. Cato the Elder is one such hero. Learn more about this figure in today’s podcast!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4442, The Role of Citizens in Classical Republics: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 17 Classical republicans, who heavily influenced the American Founders, believed that citizens played a central role in government’s functions. Learn more about the civic duties of citizens in these republics and how they differ from today in our latest episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4441, Small, Uniform Communities in Classical Republicanism: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 16 Classical republicanism placed great emphasis on the importance of small, uniform communities as being essential for the success of good government. But why was this? Find out in today’s episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4438, World: How Can You Support the Flourishing of the Wider World? Gary Sheng, Part 5 How can you engage in ways that make a positive impact on people in your even wider world, your state, region, country or even beyond?
60-Second Civics: Episode 4437, Community: How Can You Support the Flourishing of Your Local Community? Gary Sheng, Part 4 How can you engage in ways that make a positive impact on people in your wider world a.k.a. your local community?
60-Second Civics: Episode 4436, Social Circle: How Can You Support the Flourishing of People You Know? Gary Sheng, Part 3 Working on yourself is a lifelong journey, along the way you will also want to make a habit of seizing the opportunities to support the wellbeing of the people in your life.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4435, Self: How Do You Change Yourself to Change The World? Gary Sheng, Part 2 How do you make a difference in the world? While social media glorifies certain types of civic engagement that can seem overwhelming, Gary Sheng of Civics Unplugged is here to show you that anyone can engage civically where your actions make a big difference. Listen to this series for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4434, Introduction: How Do You Make a Difference in the World? Gary Sheng, Part 1 How do you make a difference in the world? While social media glorifies certain types of civic engagement that can seem overwhelming, Gary Sheng of Civics Unplugged is here to show you that anyone can engage civically where your actions make a big difference to the people around you.??Listen to this series for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4433, Terrorism, Social Media, and the First Amendment: Free Speech and Civil Liberties after 9/11: David Hudson, Part 5 What can and should the government do to control organizing on social media? And, does the government have any powers under the Patriot Act?
60-Second Civics: Episode 4432, The Issue of Profiling: Free Speech and Civil Liberties after 9/11: David Hudson, Part 4 While it's not directly a first amendment issue, our guest, David Hudson, highlights one of the unfortunate aftermaths of 9/11: the rise of profiling. Listen to today's episode for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4431, The New Role of Government Surveillance: Free Speech and Civil Liberties after 9/11: David Hudson, Part 3 Following 9/11, how did mass governmental surveillance impact American civil liberties? Find out in today's episode with David Hudson!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4430, Section 805 of the Patriot Act: Free Speech and Civil Liberties after 9/11: David Hudson, Part 2 We continue our series Free Speech & Civil Liberties after 9/11 with David Hudson in today’s episode. Building off of yesterday’s discussion of section 215, Hudson discusses section 805 and how this section became contested at the U.S. Supreme Court. Listen for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4429, Section 215 of the Patriot Act: Free Speech and Civil Liberties after 9/11: David Hudson, Part 1 Today, we start our five-part series Free Speech & Civil Liberties after 9/11 with David Hudson, a first amendment scholar from Belmont University. In today’s episode, Hudson discusses the controversial section 215 of the Patriot Act. Listen for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4428, The Roman Republic as an Example and a Warning: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 14 The Roman Republic began in the sixth century BC and lasted until the first century BC and the establishment of the Roman Empire. The Roman Republic was both an example and a warning for the American Founders.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4427, Classical Republicanism: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 14 The American Founders had read a great deal about the ideals and practices of ancient Greek and Roman city-states and the thinkers of classical antiquity. They were familiar with classical republicanism, which emphasized civic participation and the responsibility of citizens for the well-being of country.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4426, The Roman Republic: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 13 The Roman Republic was the ancient society that exercised the greatest influence on the American Founders. Historians during the founding era thought that the Roman Republic had done the best job of promoting the common good; that is, doing what was best for the society as a whole.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4425, The Problem with Constitutional Government: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 12 As the Founders of the new American republic knew, constitutional government can take many forms. A constitutional government can have a single ruler, a group of rulers, or rule by the people as a whole. However, this system does have flaws. Learn more in today's podcast!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4424, Popular Sovereignty and Higher Law: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 11 In democracies, the sovereign people are the ultimate authority that grants all powers exercised by government. This is called popular sovereignty. Popular sovereignty requires that the whole body of citizens consent to be governed by the constitution that they authorize and under which they live. Constitutions are forms of higher law.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4423, Constitutional Government Is Limited Government: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 10 A constitution limits the powers of government by defining and distributing its powers. However, just because a nation has a constitution does not mean that it has a constitutional government.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4422, What Is a Constitution? Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 9 A constitution is an authoritative law through which the sovereign people of a democracy authorize a government to be established and grant it certain powers. Learn more in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4421, The Reason for a Representative Government: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 8 While the founders were supportive of democracy as a concept, they had their reservations about certain types. Learn more in this episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4420, James Madison and the Republic: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 7 What did James Madison think about the term "Republic" and why is this significant for the foundation of the United States? Find out more in today'ss episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4419, The Mixed Constitution: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 6 From where did the American Founders learn about the idea of a â??mixed constitution?â?? Listen to todayâ??s episode to learn about its Greek and Roman origins and more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4418, Why Aristotle Wasn't a Fan of Direct Democracy: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 5 Aristotle identified democracy as a corrupt form of government by the many poor. By "democracy," Aristotle meant direct democracy, where people make public policy directly. This is different from the type of government we call democracy today, in which, for the most part, we elect representatives to make public policy for us. Listen to today's episode to learn more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4417, Aristotle'ss Right and Corrupt Forms of Government: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 4 Aristotle distinguished between what he called the "right form" and the "corrupt form" of government. Listen to today's episode to understand the difference!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4416, Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Functions: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 3 Aristotle observed that every state, or country, must perform three functions: legislative, executive, and judicial. The American Founders were well acquainted with these functions, and formed the three branch system around them. Listen to today???s episode to learn more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4415, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 2 The American Founders learned a great deal from natural rights philosophers, such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Natural rights philosophy taught that people have natural rights that others must respect. Learn more in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4414, History Lessons and the Constitution: Ideas that Informed the American Founders, Part 1 The American Founders learned lessons from ancient history when creating their state constitutions and the U.S. Constitution. They learned from Greek and Roman history that although democracies may appear to begin well, they tend to end in tyranny when the poor attack the rich.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4413, Lessons from Classical Philosophy: Back-to-School Basics, Part 12 The American Founders studied ancient Greek and Roman philosophers to learn about how to create the best form of government. Classical political philosophers taught that human beings are, by nature, social creatures.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4411, William Blackstone's Influence on the American Founders: Back-to-Basics Part 10 William Blackstone's explanations of English law, published between 1765 and 1769, were incredibly influential on the formation of basic rights in America. Listen to today's episode to learn more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4410, Who Influenced the American Founders? Back-to-School Basics, Part 9 America's Founders learned about government from their experiences in self-government as subjects of the British Empire. They also learned about government by reading history and philosophy, particularly that of ancient Greece and Rome and the works of sixteenth and seventeenth-century philosophers.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4409, Trades and Land Speculation in the American Colonies: Back-to-School Basics, Part 8 While most Americans during the colonial period were farmers, others followed various trades, working as brickmakers, carpenters, printers, sailors, shoemakers, and even wigmakers, among other professions. Listen to todayâ??s podcast to learn more about these colonial careers!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4408, Agriculture in Colonial America: Back-to-School Basics, Part 7 Most Americans during the colonial period lived in small villages or on farms. The size of farms varied widely, from small plots of land in New England to immense plantations in the South with thousands of acres.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4407, The Diversity of the American Colonies: Back-to-School Basics, Part 6 The American colonists came from a variety of countries and for various economic, religious, and social reasons. Learn more about the diverse group that came to settle in the colonies with today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4406, Native Americans and Colonial America: Back-to-School Basics, Part 5 The American colonists were not the first people on the North American continent. Native Americans had lived on the continent for at least 24,000 years. Listen to today's episode to learn a little more about Native Americans during colonial times!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4405, Opportunities in the Early American Colonies: Back-to-School Basics, Part 4 Many new arrivals viewed colonial America in the 1770s as a land of opportunity. Learn why in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4403, The American Founders: Back to School Basics, Part 2 The American Founders drew on a number of basic ideas and experiences to create the kind of government they believed would best protect the natural rights of Americans and promote the common good. Get introduced to some of the Founders in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4402, An Adventure in Ideas with We the People: Back to School Basics, Part 1 The history of the American people has been a great adventure in ideas and in trying to make these ideas a reality. Over the next few weeks, 60-Second Civics will explore the important philosophical ideas and historical events that influenced the writing of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4401, Supreme Court Decisions about the General Welfare Clause: American Fundamentals, Part 24 People disagree over what powers the general welfare clause gives Congress to spend taxes. Under our Constitution, the Supreme Court of the United States is given the power to interpret the meaning of the Constitution. Learn more about how the Court has interpreted these powers in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4400, The Debate Over the General Welfare Clause: American Fundamentals, Part 23 Even before the Constitution was ratified in 1788, people disagreed over what powers the Constitution gives to Congress to promote "the general Welfare." The topic is still debated today.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4399, The Meaning of "General Welfare" in the Constitution: American Fundamentals, Part 22 The Preamble to the U.S. Constitution states that one of its purposes is to promote the general Welfare. Article I, Section. 8. 1. of the Constitution says "The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States."
60-Second Civics: Episode 4398, Shays' Rebellion and the U.S. Constitution: American Fundamentals, Part 21 As the Annapolis Convention met in September 1786, to ???Remedy Defects of the Federal Government,??? Shays' Rebellion had just begun. This extensive, sometimes bloody conflict began in Massachusetts began in August 1786 and stretched into 1787.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4397, Farmers' Demands, Debt, and Social Disorder: American Fundamentals, Part 20 By the mid-1780s, acts of violence protesting the poor economic conditions for American farmers had become commonplace. Farmers had borrowed money to raise crops to support the high demand during the Revolutionary War.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4396, Social Disorder After the Revolutionary War: American Fundamentals, Part 19 Social disorder after the Revolutionary War was caused mainly by economic conflict between farmers and merchants.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4395, How Does the Constitution Provide for Domestic Tranquility? American Fundamentals, Part 18 The Preamble to the Constitution states that one of its purposes is to "insure domestic Tranquility." What does this term mean, and why was it included in the Preamble?
60-Second Civics: Episode 4394, The Corrective Form of Justice: American Fundamentals, Part 17 When a person has been convicted of a criminal or civil violation, how do we deal with the perpetrator?
60-Second Civics: Episode 4393, The Procedural Form of Justice: American Fundamentals, Part 16 Procedural justice is the fairness of how information is gathered and how decisions are made. This concept is central to the American constitutional system.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4392, The Distributive Form of Justice: American Fundamentals, Part 15 The concept of justice has long been divided into three types: distributive justice, procedural justice, and corrective justice. In today's episode, we'll cover the first type: distributive justice.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4391, The Civic Dimension of the Pursuit of Happiness: American Fundamentals, Part 14 Many of our choices have social consequences and therefore have a civic dimension when they enhance or subtract from "public happiness."
60-Second Civics: Episode 4390, "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness:" American Fundamentals, Part 13 Every day we make numerous choices in deciding what course of action will add to our well-beingâ??what will make us happy.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4389, What Did Our Founders Mean By the "Pursuit of Happiness?" American Fundamentals, Part 12 In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson announced that every human being has "certain unalienable rights," among which are those to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." But what did he mean by "the pursuit of happiness"? Find out in today's podcast!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4388, An Explanation of Inalienable Rights: American Fundamentals, Part 11 The Virginia Declaration of Rights was written shortly before the Declaration of Independence. The rights Jefferson calls both inherent and inalienable are those that we are unable to get rid of, for the simple reason that they are part of us, helping to define what we are.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4387, An Introduction to Inalienable Rights in the Virginia Declaration of Rights One key to understanding "inalienable" rights, as distinguished from ordinary, "alienable" rights, is to examine the Virginia Declaration of Rights. Learn more in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4386, What Does "Unalienable Rights" Mean? American Fundamentals, Part 9 The Declaration of Independence states that "all Men are ... endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights." But what does "unalienable Rights" mean?
60-Second Civics: Episode 4385, Universal Human Equality--A Common American Idea: American Fundamentals, Part 8 Where did the idea of universal human equality, a common American idea, come from? Religious movements in colonial America helped spread the idea of universal moral human equality, including equality among social classes. Listen to today's podcast for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4384, What are the Origins of Americans' Sense of Moral Equality? American Fundamentals, Part 7 On Friday, we discussed the origins of Americans' sense of political equality, but our founders also possessed a strong sense of moral equality. Indeed, the idea of the moral equality of human beings has ancient origins. Listen to today's episode for more!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4383, What are the Origins of Americans' Sense of Political Equality? American Fundamentals, Part 6 The Declaration of Independence states that all men, meaning all people, are created equal. But where did this idea come from? Ideas of natural political equality were developed in seventeenth-century England and exported to its colonies across the North Atlantic. Learn more in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4382, "All Men Are Created Equal": American Fundamentals, Part 5 The Declaration of Independence states that among the "truths" that Americans hold to be "self-evident" is that "all Men are created equal." But what did Thomas Jefferson mean by this statement?
60-Second Civics: Episode 4381, The American Creed: American Fundamentals, Part 4 Thomas Jefferson said that his purpose in writing the Declaration of Independence was to express a shared understanding of "the American mind." Over the course of a few days in June 1776, Jefferson laid out the most fundamental principles and central political beliefs of the American Revolution and of the people the Revolution created.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4380, Why Americans Held "These Truths to Be Self-evident": American Fundamentals, Part 3 Why did the writers of the Declaration of Independence "hold these Truths to be self-evident?" Among other things, these Americans were deeply influenced by the teachings of Christianity and English republicanism. Learn more in today's episode of 60-Second Civics!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4379, What Does "We Hold These Truths to Be Self-Evident" Mean? American Fundamentals, Part 2 The second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence begins like this: "We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness." But what does "We hold these truths to be self-evident" mean? We explain more in today's episode!
60-Second Civics: Episode 4378, Our Founding Ideals, Values, and Principles: American Fundamentals, Part 1 To be an American means, among other things, to share certain fundamental ideals, values, and principles with other Americans. It's worth taking the time to examine and reaffirm our commitment to the values and principles on which our nation is founded. Today, we look back to July 4, 1776, when a group of leading American colonists gathered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4377, "Our Country's Aim Will Remain True Towards Justice": Justice Paula Nakayama, Part 6 In light of the recent rise in violence toward Asian Americans, Justice Nakayama of the Hawai'i Supreme Court emphasizes that, "we must encourage everybody to learn, understand and deeply appreciate and embrace the rule of law in our country."
60-Second Civics: Episode 4376, What Does a Civic and Constitutional Education Mean to You?: Justice Paula Nakayama, Part 5 In today's podcast, we ask Justice Nakayama: What does a civic and constitutional education mean to you? And, why have you dedicated so many years to ensuring greater access to civics for more Americans?
60-Second Civics: Episode 4375, Learning About Your Role As an American: Justice Paula Nakayama, Part 4 A well-informed citizenry is the cornerstone of our democracy, which is why Justice Nakayama believes it's essential for all Americans to learn about their roles and responsibilities as citizens.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4374, Why Should Young People Consider Public Service?: Justice Paula Nakayama, Part 3 "When you are a public servant, it is important to realize that you are indeed serving the public. I think about that all the time, and I consider it a higher calling." In our episode, Justice Nakayama shares her perspective on the value of public service.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4373, One of the First Women on the Hawai'i Supreme Court: Justice Paula Nakayama, Part 2 Today, we ask Justice Nakayama: What is it like to be one of the first women to serve on the Hawai'i Supreme Court and one of the few Asian American women serving as a state supreme court justice? While Justice Nakayama shares times in which she faced discrimination, she nonetheless believes that "being on the Supreme Court is an honor and a privilege."
60-Second Civics: Episode 4372, How Did You Become a Justice on the Hawai'i Supreme Court?: Justice Paula Nakayama, Part 1 Today, we start a new series with Associate Justice of the Hawai'i Supreme Court, Paula Nakayama. In our first episode, Justice Nakayama shares how a lot of hard work and a little luck helped her achieve one of the highest positions in the legal profession.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4371, The Future for LGBTQ+ Rights: LGBTQ+ Pride Week Series, Part 7 There's a number of questions that surround the rights of transgender Americans and surround the rights of other parts of the LGBTQ spectrum that are going to continue to be very important when it comes to this particular social justice movement.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4370, Obergefell v. Hodges: LGBTQ+ Pride Week Series, Part 6 There's a long history of federal cases, like Romer v. Evans and Lawrence v. Texas, that eventually lead up to Windsor v. U.S. as well as Obergefell v. Hodges, which are really the federal Supreme Court marriage equality cases that all really focus on two particular elements of the U.S. constitution.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4369, The Defense of Marriage Act: LGBTQ+ Pride Week Series, Part 5 Just like we see earlier in the courts, and we see in the legislatures, the executive branch plays a crucial role in the LGBTQ rights movement, particularly when it comes to marriage equality.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4368, Early Legislative Victories for LGBTQ+ Rights: LGBTQ+ Pride Week Series, Part 4 Like the courts' role, the legislative branch has played a pivotal role in the LGBTQ rights movement. New York, one of the nation's largest states, was a site for an early legislative victory, and that legislation set a standard for legislative action around the country.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4367, Goodridge: The Cinderella Moment for Marriage Equality, LGBTQ+ Pride Week Series, Part 3 Why was the 2003 Massachusetts decision in Goodridge v. Dept. of Public Health such an important moment, particularly when it comes to the role of courts in social justice movements? Find out more from Christopher R. Riano about this critical court case in the LGBTQ+ rights movement.
60-Second Civics: Episode 4366, Laying the Groundwork for LGBTQ+ Rights: LGBTQ+ Pride Week Series, Part 2 We're joined again today by Christopher R. Riano, the president of the Center for Civic Education and co-author, with William Eskridge, of Marriage Equality: From Outlaws to In-laws, winner of the American Bar Association's Silver Gavel Award. We ask him: What were some early LGBTQ+ rights questions that the community faced, particularly following what happened at Stonewall?
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This site is brought to you by the Center for Civic Education. The Center's mission is to promote an enlightened and responsible citizenry committed to democratic principles and actively engaged in the practice of democracy. The Center has reached more than 30 million students and their teachers since 1965. Learn more.